Defense Capability – the Secret of Finnish Happiness?

In contrast to most European countries, Finland has maintained and constantly developed its comprehensive defense model after the end of the Cold War. The perception of the security environment in Finland is characterized by three key factors: geographical location, demographics and, above all, a past marked by multiple wars against Russia. The specific Finnish preparedness model continues to focus on national defense capabilities with rapidly mobilizable armed forces and a strong reserve. Comprehensive civil defense (whole of society) and coordinated crisis response capability (whole of government) also play an important role. 

However, the high mobilization potential in the Finnish society can by no means be equated with a high level of qualitative militarization. First and foremost, it is characterized by a purely defensive orientation. Furthermore, it is based on a strong consensus culture in security and defense policy and is supported by the widely shared appreciation of social achievements (transparency, gender equality, education, etc.) as well as a specific mentality resulting from Finland’s geography, history, and demographics.  

While the Finnish model is of limited applicability to other contexts, the civil defense components of the Finnish comprehensive defense system contain elements from which all European countries could benefit. This is particularly true in view of the increasing number of hybrid attacks, which require rapid, coordinated and creative responses.